Suchergebnisse

Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital and the increased productivity arising from technological innovation. The quest to attract physical capital led to the design and implementation of policies and the building of institutions by governments of developing countries to create a congenial investment environment to attract foreign investors. The multinational corporations operating in these developing countries take advantage of these policies to profit from these countries in terms of capital through both legal and fraudulent activities. For governments and stakeholders to be able to fight this menace of illicit financial outflow, there is a need for a comprehensive scrutiny of the quality of governance indicators that enhance the activities of these multinational companies. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the influence of cross-country indicators of governance on the illicit financial flow from developing countries. This study is based on secondary data (panel) derived from the Global Financial Integrity, World Development Indicators and Worldwide Governance Indicators. The total number of developing countries included in the analysis is 139, and 1562 observations are included. Using the multilevel estimation approach, the study finds that regulatory quality has a negative and significant influence on the illicit financial flow, while government effectiveness, corruption and FDI net inflows have a significant positive effect. This finding calls for developing countries to design and implement sound policies, build effective and accountable institutions, control corruption and enhance regulatory quality to control this issue.

Dissertation (Ph.D. (Economic))--National Institute of Development Administration, 2014. ; This research seeks to formulate a theory relating FDI and corruption and empirically assess the aptness of this theory. This research seeks not only to establish that in general corruption has a negative impact on FDI inflow to Africa but also to show that there is a threshold referred to as the Corruption Tolerable Level of Investment (CTLI), below which corruption is expected to have a positive impact on FDI inflow to Africa. This research also seeks to deploy data on actual corruption to establish that corruption has a negative impact on foreign ownership of firms in Africa. Secondary data from the World Development Indicators (WDI DATABANK) 2012 was used to assess the impact of corruption on FDI in Africa. The source of data for analyzing the effects of corruption on foreign ownership of firms in Africa is the World Business Environment Survey (WBES) conducted by the World Bank. In order to meet the objectives of the study, the dynamic panel data estimation technique as well as the Tobit and probit estimation techniques were deployed. The estimated Corruption Tolerable Level of Investment (CTLI) in Africa is -0.27 on the control of corruption scale which ranges from approximately -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong). The findings also indicate that the percentage of total annual sales of the firm paid as informal payments to the public officials has a negative and highly significant impact on foreign ownership of firms in Africa. Therefore African governments should institute policies to control corruption in the public sector in order to enhance the country's performance on the control of corruption index. This will boost foreign investors' confidence in their economies. ; [preview](https://repository.nida.ac.th/bitstream/662723737/3429/6/ba187651.pdf.jpg)

Corruption has become endemic in many African countries and is difficult to eradicate completely; therefore, reducing corruption to a tolerable level that will not deter foreign investors must be the aspiration of all political leaders and stakeholders. This study tries to identify the level of corruption that is tolerable to foreign investors, which is referred to as the Tolerable Level of Corruption for Investment (TLCI). The study proposes that below the TLCI, corruption plays the role of "sand in the wheels of commerce" and thus has a negative impact on FDI inflows, but above the TLCI, corruption functions to "grease the wheels" and has a positive impact on FDI inflows. The study is based on secondary data collected from the World Bank World Development Indicators. Using a dynamic panel data estimation technique while controlling for other variables, the estimated TLCI in Africa is -0.27 on the control of corruption scale, which ranges from approximately -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong). Therefore, all African leaders and stakeholders, especially in countries that fall below the TLCI, should intensify their efforts in the fight against corruption to reduce corruption in their respective countries to at least the TLCI to attract foreign investors.

This research seeks to study the factors that enhance or preclude owners of SMEs in Ghana in making risk management decisions. The study was conducted with managers of SMEs in four regions in Ghana. The researchers adopted a quantitative approach and employed STATA 10 and SPSS version 20 in the analysis. Stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the sample units. The probit model was used in the analysis of data. A total of 447 SMEs were sampled for the study, with at least 111 from each of the selected regions. The probit results show that the demographic factors indicate a positive influence on the likelihood that managers will take risk management decisions. All of the business related demographic factors are significant at various levels and positive, except for risk-loving. The economically related factors, such as the estimated amount at risk, the estimated cost of risk management and the estimated total monthly income after tax all have a positive influence on risk management decision making. However, government and tax policies are perceived to negatively influence risk management decisions by managers. We recommend that institutions working closely with SMEs acquire the expertise to train the managers of SMEs on risk management practices.

International audience ; Aim: In order to integrate malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) into the Ghana national immunization programme, there was the need to evaluate the feasibility of IPTi by assessing the intervention operational issues including its implementation costs, and its cost effectiveness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Upper East Region, Ghana, between July 2007 and July 2009 Methods: We calculated the costs of administrating IPTi during vaccination sessions; the costs of programme implementation during the first year of implementation (start-up costs) and in routine years (recurrent costs). For the purposes of cost-effectiveness analysis, all economic costs (including financial and opportunity costs) and the net cost were estimated. To estimate the cost effectiveness ratios of IPTi, the aggregate cost of providing the intervention for a reference target population of 1,000 infants was divided by its health outcome. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to understand the results robustness. Results: IPTi gross costs in start up and in routine years were estimated at 70.66 cents and 29.72 cents per dose, or $2.0 and $0.87 per infant, respectively. The gross cost per DALY saved was estimated at $3.49 and the net cost of IPTi for 1,000 infants was $-3,416.38 in the routine years rending IPTi a highly cost saving intervention. Sensitivity analyses showed that the cost per DALY saved never went up more than $4.50 maintaining the intervention still highly cost effective. Conclusion: IPTi in Ghana is a highly and robust cost effective intervention. The intervention is cost-saving and should be scaled up nationally to save children's health and economic capital.

International audience ; Aim: In order to integrate malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) into the Ghana national immunization programme, there was the need to evaluate the feasibility of IPTi by assessing the intervention operational issues including its implementation costs, and its cost effectiveness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Upper East Region, Ghana, between July 2007 and July 2009 Methods: We calculated the costs of administrating IPTi during vaccination sessions; the costs of programme implementation during the first year of implementation (start-up costs) and in routine years (recurrent costs). For the purposes of cost-effectiveness analysis, all economic costs (including financial and opportunity costs) and the net cost were estimated. To estimate the cost effectiveness ratios of IPTi, the aggregate cost of providing the intervention for a reference target population of 1,000 infants was divided by its health outcome. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to understand the results robustness. Results: IPTi gross costs in start up and in routine years were estimated at 70.66 cents and 29.72 cents per dose, or $2.0 and $0.87 per infant, respectively. The gross cost per DALY saved was estimated at $3.49 and the net cost of IPTi for 1,000 infants was $-3,416.38 in the routine years rending IPTi a highly cost saving intervention. Sensitivity analyses showed that the cost per DALY saved never went up more than $4.50 maintaining the intervention still highly cost effective. Conclusion: IPTi in Ghana is a highly and robust cost effective intervention. The intervention is cost-saving and should be scaled up nationally to save children's health and economic capital.